To answer a few more things that have come up:
Heat shouldn't be a concern if you're looking at a low power CPU, and using onboard GPU power (you won't need more for such a small screen, even for gaming). So don't even worry about heat. The goal is to keep the TDP as low as possible, since this system will be PURELY battery based.
Vibrations WILL kill any standard mechanical drive. Laptop or not, doesn't matter. You'll want a SSD, flat out. If you DO decide to throw in a regular mechanical drive, put it in some sort of removable storage bay (built into the rig though, so you don't need to worry about power converting). This way, you could just put another bay in your main rig, and grab the drive and go. Would make copying files 100x easier too. If you can find a full out USB powered external, that would work fine too. But again, vibrations WILL kill a mechanical drive.
As far as speakers (now that I know its a Chevy 1500), I'd stick to a good set of component door speakers, a solid 100-150w 2 channel amplifier (4 channel if you plan to put rear speakers in), and get a solid monoblock amp for the subwoofer section. Again, subwoofer can be anything from something super small, to something huge that takes up your entire bed of the truck. Depends on your wallet. Same with speakers and amps.
I can give you some recommendations to look into for speakers, amps, and subs later on, once you've clarified what your goal is with the audio and budget.
As far as housing the computer...take a look at
this site. They have some really amazing cases on there...that look just like a car amplifier. So nobody would even have to know that its a PC in there. Just that you have a screen and amps.
Oh, and the site I linked above has a ton of other handy carputer based stuff too. The only thing I'm personally unsure of on a carputer build myself....is the software to use to give it proper car audio controls (fader, balance, EQ, Crossovers, etc.).