The spectrum settings are for the spread spectrum. It will oscillate the clock frequencies slightly to prevent electromagnetic interference with nearby electronic devices. Using it will cause the ever so slightest loss in mhz, like a 2ghz cpu running at 1999mhz. I had it off for a couple years on my last PC to get that last hz lol. Then one day I started getting some BSODs. Even though I had not moved the PC or placed anything new around it, turning the spread spectrum back on solved the issue. I would recommend leaving it on, the 1 hz gain isn't worth a night or two of pulling your hair out in the event that it is ever an issue.
As far as the other stuff, generally speaking:
NB = North Bridge, controls CPU stuff among other things.
SB = South Bridge, controls non-CPU stuff like PCI slots and often HDs.
HT = Hyper Transport, CPU bandwidth is an OK laymans term. (someone correct me if need be)
VDDA. Has to do with RAM to CPU bus? Not 100% sure.
There's some basics. Good luck!